The question of whether sinless perfection is possible in this life is a complex theological issue with differing views among Christians. At the heart of the debate is how sanctification occurs and to what extent humans can overcome sin before reaching heaven. This approximately 9000 word article will overview the main biblical arguments surrounding this topic.
Defining Sinless Perfection
First, it is helpful to define what is meant by “sinless perfection.” This term refers to the idea that Christians can reach a state of complete sanctification in this life where they no longer sin and are free from inherent sinful tendencies (Romans 6:6). Some also equate it with terms like “entire sanctification,” “Christian perfection,” or “perfect love.” The basic premise is that through faith and the power of the Holy Spirit, believers can overcome all voluntary sin and live without willfully violating God’s laws.
Advocates see biblical support for sinless perfection in verses like Matthew 5:48, where Jesus tells his followers to “be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect.” Other commonly cited passages include Romans 6, 1 John 3:6-9, and 1 Thessalonians 5:23, which speak of believers being made holy, dead to sin, unable to keep sinning, and sanctified completely (Romans 6:18-22, 1 John 3:6-9, 1 Thessalonians 5:23). Based on such verses, some Christians argue perfection is not just commanded but made possible in this life.
However, critics note that sinless perfection does not equate to absolute perfection. Even advocates acknowledge that mistakes, weaknesses, and temptations will remain. The difference is that those achieving sinless perfection resist and overcome sinful impulses, rather than willfully indulging them. Their mindset and will are fully yielded to God.
Orientation of the Heart
This leads to a key distinction in this debate – the difference between willful sin and unconscious weakness or ignorance. Both perfectionists and non-perfectionists agree that unconscious sins are inevitable in this life. As 1 John 1:8 (ESV) states, “If we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves, and the truth is not in us.” But perfectionists separate this from deliberate transgression of God’s known laws. Their goal is a state of intentional obedience and devotion to God, even if they still stumble into unconscious sin at times.
Advocates of perfection argue that eliminating willful sin is possible through fully surrendering the heart and will to God. While they may still struggle with temptation and ignorance, their orientation is toward God rather than sin. As 1 John 3:9 (ESV) states, true Christians “cannot keep on sinning, because [they] have been born of God.” Their new nature in Christ gives them power over willful sin.
Sanctification as a Process
Another key question in this debate is whether sanctification is a gradual process or whether a dramatic transformation is possible. Non-perfectionists argue that spiritual growth is a lifelong journey in which Christians make steady progress in virtue and holiness over time. They criticize the idea of instantaneous eradication of all sin as unrealistic, citing verses that encourage patience in sanctification (Philippians 3:12-14).
But Christian perfectionists distinguish between sanctification as a process and sanctification as an event. They view justification (initial conversion) and glorification (heaven) as instantaneous events, just as sanctification can occur through a decisive moment of surrender and the fullness of the Spirit. Some point to biblical examples like the apostles’ transformational encounter with the Holy Spirit at Pentecost (Acts 2:1-4). Others cite John Wesley’s teaching of sanctification as both a gradual work and instantaneous gift.
Two Key Bible Passages
Two key Scripture passages in this debate are Romans 7 and 1 John 1. In Romans 7, Paul speaks of struggling with the flesh and not being able to do the good he wants to do. Many see this as evidence that even the apostle Paul had not achieved sinless perfection. But advocates argue this describes Paul’s spiritual state before conversion. Other interpreters see Romans 7 as Paul’s description of the ongoing struggle believers face in sanctification. But perfectionists emphasize Paul’s triumphant declarations later in Romans 8.
1 John 1 presents a contrast: “If we say we have no sin, we deceive ourselves” (v. 8), yet “No one who is born of God will continue to sin” (1 John 3:9). Non-perfectionists see this as acknowledging the inevitable reality of sin in believers. Perfectionists stress the distinction between unconscious sins (1 John 1:8) and willful continuous sinning (1 John 3:9). This passage captures the tension in John’s epistles between sinlessness as a goal and reality.
Objections and Rebuttals
Opponents of perfectionism raise several objections. Here are some common critiques and how advocates might respond:
- Critique: Paul says he has not achieved perfection in Philippians 3:12. How can it be possible if even an apostle hadn’t attained it?
- Reply: Paul may be referring to absolute perfection reserved for heaven. His aim was complete yieldedness to Christ, not faultlessness.
- Critique: The presence of sin and fleshly desires in believers (Galatians 5:17) show sanctification is ongoing, not instant.
- Reply: Sinful tendencies may remain but through the Spirit Christians can still have victory over willful sin.
- Critique: Christians still need to recite the Lord’s Prayer asking for forgiveness (Matthew 6:12).
- Reply: Forgiveness in the Lord’s Prayer applies to unconscious sins, not deliberate transgressions.
- Critique: James 3:2 says all believers stumble in many ways.
- Reply: James is likely referring to unconscious weaknesses, not willful disobedience.
While objections remain, perfectionists argue their view aligns with the Bible’s emphasis on striving for complete holiness and obedience by God’s grace.
Historical Support
Throughout church history, there have been advocates for Christian perfection or complete sanctification. In the early church, Tertullian taught that some Christians through the Holy Spirit and much effort could attain a state of sinlessness. Thomas Aquinas denied perfection could occur in this life but said Christians should still strive for it. Later, John Wesley was a key promoter of Christian perfection in the Methodist movement. He emphasized sanctification as a work of God’s grace.
Various Wesleyan denominations along with groups like the Salvation Army affirm the possibility of sinless perfection. Quakers such as George Fox taught that Christ can deliver believers from sin completely if they walk in His spirit of power. Examples like these show that while controversial, the doctrine of Christian perfection has a long history among notable Christians.
Differing Views on Attainment
Among those affirming perfection, there are differences regarding when and how it is attained. Some believe perfection is a gradual process that may not be completed until near death or at the moment of death. Others argue for perfection as an instantaneous gift. Early Methodists often held “entire sanctification” as a second crisis experience subsequent to justification.
Similarly, Christians differ on whether perfection means complete freedom from concupiscence (sinful desires) or just from conscious willful sin. Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox differentiate between perfection from mortal vs. venial sins. Protestants focus more on motivation and will. There are also variations regarding whether perfection implies one cannot progress further in sanctification or if growth continues.
These distinctions reveal diversity among perfectionists. But most argue conscious willful sin must be eliminated, even if unconscious weaknesses remain. Attainment views vary, with Wesley describing it as both gradual and instantaneous.
Criticism and Concerns
Despite its historical pedigree, the doctrine of sinless perfection is controversial. Critics raise the following concerns:
- It is contrary to the empirical evidence of continual sin and selfishness in believers.
- It leads to arrogance, self-righteousness, and denial of faults in those claiming perfection.
- It results in despair and discouragement when perfection is unachieved.
- It depends on questionable distinctions between willful sin and unconscious weaknesses.
In response, advocates of perfection argue safeguards can prevent arrogance through humility and recognition of imperfect knowledge. They also contend properly understanding sinless perfection brings hope, not despair, as believers trust the Spirit’s sanctifying power.
Mainstream Evangelical View
Most mainstream evangelical Protestants acknowledge sanctification as a gradual, lifelong process that will never be completed in this life. They affirm that Christians should strive toward holiness but warn against claims of sinlessness. The Wesleyan doctrine of “entire sanctification” as a dramatic second experience is not widely accepted today.
Prominent pastors like John Piper, John MacArthur, and R.C. Sproul have critiqued perfectionism. The view held by most evangelicals is that Christians can and should have victory over willful sin but will never completely eradicate sinful tendencies until reaching heaven (or at death). Complete sanctification awaits glorification.
Implications for Ministry
This debate has significant implications for Christian ministry and discipleship. Those affirming perfectionism often emphasize classes, small groups, and other programs focused on achieving victory over sin and deepening spiritual maturity. Producing true disciples is a top priority.
Critics argue for realistic expectations that acknowledge Christians will always struggle with sin to some degree. They prioritize teaching forgiveness, grace, and perseverance. But both sides agree sanctification is essential, producing “fruit in keeping with repentance” (Matthew 3:8). All Christians must pursue holiness while relying fully on Christ’s finished work.
Finding Balance
In navigating this issue, both extremes should be avoided. One ditch is complacency about sin due to an assumption perfection is impossible. The other is arrogance from those claiming perfection. Biblical wisdom recognizes the universal presence of sin while still striving for excellence. As Chuck Swindoll said, “We may not be able to attain complete holiness, but we certainly can determine to aim high” (Growing Deep in the Christian Life).
Christians should remember that sanctification is empowered by God’s grace, not self-effort. Neither despair nor pride are helpful responses. Productive ministry results when believers unite in Spirit-led efforts to achieve greater obedience, purity, and consecration to Christ, while recognizing absolute perfection awaits eternity.
Regarding the debate on sinless perfection, thoughtful Christians occupy positions across a spectrum. But all can agree sanctification is indispensable, even if disagreements remain regarding its extent in this life. As we seek to understand this complex biblical issue, may we do so with humility, grace, and mutual love.