Throughout the Bible, God’s chosen people are referred to by several different names. These names reveal important truths about Israel’s identity and relationship with God. Here is an overview of the major names for the Israelites and their meanings:
Israelites
The most common name is “Israelites”, derived from the name “Israel”. Israel was the new name God gave to Jacob after he wrestled with God (Genesis 32:28). The name Israel means “he struggles with God.” This points to how Jacob, the father of the 12 tribes, had a profound encounter with God that changed his life. The name “Israelites” identifies the descendants of Jacob as God’s covenant people.
Hebrews
The name “Hebrew” refers to the ethnicity and language of the Israelites. It comes from the name “Eber”, an ancestor of Abraham (Genesis 11:14-26). Scholars are unsure of the precise meaning, but it may connect to the verb “to cross over.” This could refer to Abraham’s journey from Ur to Canaan, “crossing over” the Euphrates River. Calling the Israelites “Hebrews” highlights their shared ethnic identity and language.
Jews
“Jew” comes from “Judah”, referring to the tribe and territory of Judah. After the kingdom divided, the southern kingdom kept the name Judah. Following the exile, all Israelites were referred to as Jews. While initially just describing the descendants of Judah, “Jew” became synonymous with all Israelites. The name “Jew” emphasizes Israel’s connection to the tribe and land of Judah.
Children of Israel
The title “children of Israel” occurs over 200 times in the Bible. It speaks to Israel’s unique, covenant relationship with God. Like a father, God chose the descendants of Jacob to be His treasured people. God promised to be their God and make them prosper (Exodus 19:5-6). Calling Israelites the “children of Israel” highlights God’s tender care for them.
People of God
The Bible sometimes calls Israelites the “people of God.” This name stresses that Israel belongs to God in a special way. God chose them, delivered them, and dwelt among them. Through the covenant at Sinai, Israel became God’s kingdom and priests (Exodus 19:6). As the “people of God”, Israel was called to represent God and live by His laws.
Twelve Tribes of Israel
This designation refers to the 12 sons of Jacob that formed the 12 tribes of Israel. These tribes inherited certain land portions in Canaan. Even after the kingdom divided, Israelites were still closely tied to their tribe. Tribal identity was a key part of Jewish heritage. The name “Twelve Tribes of Israel” signifies the united nation God formed from Jacob’s sons.
Kingdom of Priests
At Mount Sinai, God declared Israel would be for Him “a kingdom of priests” (Exodus 19:6). As priests, the Israelites would represent and mediate for God to the nations. As a kingdom, Israel enjoyed a special kingship under God’s rule. This lofty name showed God’s intent for Israel to serve Him and shine His light worldwide.
God’s Inheritance
The Old Testament describes Israel as God’s “inheritance.” Just as Israel gained Canaan as their divine inheritance, so the Israelites belonged to God as His own special possession (Deuteronomy 4:20). This cherished inheritance was gained not through might or merit, but by God’s gracious choice and deliverance.
Holy Nation
God repeatedly calls Israel a “holy nation” (Exodus 19:6, Deuteronomy 7:6). Holiness means being set apart and consecrated to God. By choosing Israel, God sanctified them as His own prized possession. They were marked out, requiring moral obedience. As a holy nation, Israel had a unique call to worship God and live righteously.
God’s Treasured Possession
In the covenant at Sinai, God declared Israel His “treasured possession” above all peoples (Exodus 19:5). This stirring title conveys the Israelites’ immense value to God. Of all nations, God took special delight in Israel as His precious prize. This treasure would be kept safe – while disobedience would forfeit their treasured status.
House of Jacob
The prophets often address Israelites as the “house of Jacob.” This ties back to Jacob as the father of the 12 tribes. It speaks to Israel’s shared ancestry and family identity. The prophets would call Israel to live up to their heritage as the “house of Jacob”, obeying God faithfully as their forefather Jacob did.
Virgin Israel
The phrase “virgin Israel” appears in prophecies like Jeremiah 18:13. This metaphor portrays Israel as an innocent maiden belonging to God. Sadly, through sinful rebellion, virgin Israel lost her purity. Still, the prophets foretold that one day God would restore and forgive His beloved nation.
These meaningful names reveal Israel’s identity and relationship with God. The names affirm God’s love and care for Israel. They also remind God’s chosen people of their special privileges and responsibilities. The different names provide a rich description of Israel’s exalted standing as God’s covenant nation.
Throughout Scripture, we see God relating to Israel as their Father, King, Redeemer and Husband. He called them to be His worshippers, ambassadors, stewards and witnesses. At times, Israel lived up to these roles. Tragically they also violated their privileged status through sin and idolatry. Yet God’s promises endured. The names of Israel stand as profound indicators of their heritage and hope as God’s covenant people.